スキーヤーの関節動作と作用力の測定

金沢大学工学

Morphogenesis of the Inner Ear at Different Stages of Normal Human Development

This study examined the external morphology and morphometry of the human embryonic inner ear membranous labyrinth and documented its three-dimensional position in the developing embryo using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 27 samples between Carnegie stage (CS) 17 and the postembryonic phase during trimester 1 (approximately 6-10 weeks after fertilization) were included. The otic vesicle elongated along the dorso-ventral axis and differentiated into the end lymphatic appendage and cochlear duct (CD) at CS 17. The spiral course of the CD began at CS18, with anterior and posterior semicircular ducts (SDs) forming prominent circles with a common crus. The spiral course of the CD comprised more than two turns at the postembryonic phase, at which time the height of the CD was evident. A linear increase was observed in the length of anterior, posterior, and lateral SDs, in that order, and the length of the CD increased exponentially over the course of development. Bending in the medial direction was observed between the cochlear and vestibular parts from the latero-caudal view, with the angle decreasing during development. The position of the inner ear was stable throughout the period of observation on the lateral to ventral side of the rhombencephalon, caudal to the pontine flexure, and adjacent to the auditory ganglia. The plane of the lateral semicircular canal was approximately 8.0°-14.6° with respect to the cranial caudal (z-)axis, indicating that the orientation of the inner ear changes during growth to adulthood

ヘモグロビンMの分子病理学

ヘモグロビン(Hb)分子において(F8)、および遠位(E7)ヒスチジン(His)はヘムの酸化を防ぐためにも、協同的リガンド結合のためにも重要である。HbMはこれらのHisの1つがチロシン(Tyr)におきかわった異常血色素で、そのヘムは通常酸化した状態にある。HbMを有する人は、明瞭はチアノーゼを呈するが、HbM Saskatoon(Sas)(βE7His→Tyr)を有する人は、他のHbM症(HbM Iwate,αF8His→Tyr;HbM Boston,αE7His→Tyr;HbM Hyde Park,βF8His→Tyr)に較べてチアノーゼが弱い。何故このようにHbMの種類によって症状が異なるかを明らかにするため、まず異常鎖の赤血球のメトHb還元酵素による還元性を調べ、次に異常鎖の構造を共鳴ラマン(RR)、電子スピン共鳴(ESR)分光法で調べた。 嫌気条件では、HbM Sasの異常鎖はヒト赤血球から精製したNADH-メトHb還元酵素によって、正常Hbのメト型とほぼ同速度で還元されたが、他のHbMの異常鎖は還元されなかった。事実、最近我々はHbM Sas症患者新鮮血においては、異常鎖の半分以上は還元型で存在することをみつけた。 共鳴ラマンスペクトルでは、4種のTyr置換型HbMは、いずれもFe-tyrosinate蛋白としての指紋バンド(1600、1500、1270cm^)を示し、Fe-tyrの結合は、HbM Sasで一番弱かった。Fe-ポリフィリンの振動モードでみると、HbM Sasの異常鎖のみが6配位型(ヘム鉄はF8HisとE7Tyrの両方が結合)で、他のHbMでは5配位型(置換Tyrとのみ強く結合)の軸配位をとっていることが判明した。この相違が還元性の違いの原因となっているのであろう。 一方、異常鎖を還元してやると、一酸化炭素(CO)と結合できるようになる。そこで、異常鎖のリガンド結合性を共鳴ラマン、赤外、^C-NMR分光法で調べ、改めて正常Hbにおける近位および遠位Hisの役割について検討した。In the hemoglobin (Hb) molecule, the proximal and distal histidines are the most important for preventing the ferrous heme from oxidation and for the cooperative ligand binding. Hbs M are mutant hemoglobins, one of these histidines of which is replaced with tyrosine, and their hemes are stabilized usually in ferric state. Although patients of Hbs M show obvious cyanosis, only individuals with Hb M Saskatoon (beta E7 His-Tyr) have less cyanosis than those of the other Hbs M (Hb M Iwate, alpha F8 His-Tyr; Hb M Boston, alpha E7 His-Tyr; Hb M Hyde Park, beta F8 His-Tyr). In order to know why such symptoms for indivisuals with Hb M differ from each other, we have investigated the reducibility of abnormal chains of Hbs M by erythrocyte methemoglobin reductases and the structure of abnormal chains by using resonance Raman (RR), and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry.Under anaerobic conditions, abnormal chains of Hb M Saskatoon was reduced by methemoglobin reductases purified from huma n erythrocytes at almost the same rate as was metHb A. However, abnormal chains of the other Hbs M were scarcely reduced by these enzymes. In fact, we have found recently that more than half of the abnormal chains remained in ferrous state in the fresh bloods of individuals with Hb M Sastakoon.In the RR spectra, all of four Hbs M exhibited the fingerprint bands for the Fe-tyrosinate proteins (1600, 1500 and 1270 cm^) and Fe-tyrosinate proteins (1600, 1500 and 1270 cm^) and Fe-tyrosinate stretching frequency in abnormal chain of Hb M Saskatoon was the lowest among them. However, only Hb M Saskatoon displayed the Raman spectral pattern of a six-coordinate heme for the abnormal subunit while others displayed that of a five-cooordinate heme. From these observations, it is concluded that the heme in abnormal chains of Hb M Iwate, Hb M Boston and Hb M Hyde Park, bind only with the substituted tyrosine, whereas that of Hb M Saskatoon binds weakly both the proximal histidine and the substituted tyrosine.As abnormal chains of Hbs M can bind with carbonmonooxide (CO) after reduction by dithionite, we examined their unusual lignad binding properties by RR, infrared, and ^C-NMR spectroscopy and discussed the role of the proximal and distal His on ligand binding properties in normal hemoglobin.研究課題/領域番号:62480132, 研究期間(年度):1987–1988出典：「ヘモグロビンMの分子病理学」研究成果報告書　課題番号62480132 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

Three dimensional analysis of air hydrate in ice core sample by using phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques

第2回極域科学シンポジウム　氷床コアセッション 11月16日（水） 国立極地研究所 2階大会議室前フロ

Mesodiverticular bandによる絞扼性イレウスの一例

症例は14歳,男児.開腹歴を含め,既往歴に特記すべきものなし.下痢,腹痛を主訴に来院し,抗生剤投与で一時軽快したが,その後腹部膨満感出現し,緊急入院となった.入院時血液検査所見で炎症反応の異常高値とCT検査上絞拒性イレウスの所見を認めたため緊急開腹手術を施行した.術中所見は回腸から約60cm口側にメッケル憩室を認め,そこに付着したmesodiverticular bandにより回腸が内ヘルニアを形成していた.小腸は広範囲に壊死しており,小腸部分切除を行った.mesodiverticular bandによるイレウスは稀で,術前診断は困難であるため手術歴のないイレウスの原因として考慮すべきであると考えられた.The patient was a 14-year-old boy who was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal pain and diarrhea. Blood tests showed strong inflammation, and plain CT showed the presence of air and fluid in the ileum. In physical findings, pan-peritonitis was suspected with muscle guarding, and so on emergency operation was performed. During the operation, we found that the ileum was compressed by a herniation of the mesodiverticular band and Meckel\u27s diverticulum. The a long segment of the ileum was necrotic, so these portions were resected and an end to side anastomosis was made. In a pathological study, neither gastric mucosa nor pancreatic tissue were observed, but microvessels were seen. Diagnosis is difficult before operation, so we should consider the mesodiverticular band when we see young ileus cases

A comprehensive study on bilingual and multilingual speech emotion recognition using a two-pass classification scheme.

Emotion recognition plays an important role in human-computer interaction. Previously and currently, many studies focused on speech emotion recognition using several classifiers and feature extraction methods. The majority of such studies, however, address the problem of speech emotion recognition considering emotions solely from the perspective of a single language. In contrast, the current study extends monolingual speech emotion recognition to also cover the case of emotions expressed in several languages that are simultaneously recognized by a complete system. To address this issue, a method, which provides an effective and powerful solution to bilingual speech emotion recognition, is proposed and evaluated. The proposed method is based on a two-pass classification scheme consisting of spoken language identification and speech emotion recognition. In the first pass, the language spoken is identified; in the second pass, emotion recognition is conducted using the emotion models of the language identified. Based on deep learning and the i-vector paradigm, bilingual emotion recognition experiments have been conducted using the state-of-the-art English IEMOCAP (four emotions) and German FAU Aibo (five emotions) corpora. Two classifiers along with i-vector features were used and compared, namely, fully connected deep neural networks (DNN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). In the case of DNN, 64.0% and 61.14% unweighted average recalls (UARs) were obtained using the IEMOCAP and FAU Aibo corpora, respectively. When using CNN, 62.0% and 59.8% UARs were achieved in the case of the IEMOCAP and FAU Aibo corpora, respectively. These results are very promising, and superior to those obtained in similar studies on multilingual or even monolingual speech emotion recognition. Furthermore, an additional baseline approach for bilingual speech emotion recognition was implemented and evaluated. In the baseline approach, six common emotions were considered, and bilingual emotion models were created, trained on data from the two languages. In this case, 51.2% and 51.5% UARs for six emotions were obtained using DNN and CNN, respectively. The results using the baseline method were reasonable and promising, showing the effectiveness of using i-vectors and deep learning in bilingual speech emotion recognition. On the other hand, the proposed two-pass method based on language identification showed significantly superior performance. Furthermore, the current study was extended to also deal with multilingual speech emotion recognition using corpora collected under similar conditions. Specifically, the English IEMOCAP, the German Emo-DB, and a Japanese corpus were used to recognize four emotions based on the proposed two-pass method. The results obtained were very promising, and the differences in UAR were not statistically significant compared to the monolingual classifiers